Nenovski, Blagoj (2025) Bluetooth LE Spam with ESP32 running Marauder and Bruce. In: XV International Conference on Applied Internet and Information Technologies (AIIT 2025), 7 November 2025, Bitola, Macedonia.
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Abstract
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertising is a fundamental mechanism that enables fast device discovery and connection. However, this same mechanism can be exploited for spam attacks that can overwhelm users with repeated pairing prompts, confuse them, or cause denial of service. This paper evaluates BLE spam using two ESP32-based Cheap Yellow Display (CYD) devices running two open-source penetration testing firmware images: Marauder and Bruce. These firmware images include multiple BLE advertising attacks such as AppleJuice, SourApple, Samsung Spam, Google Fast Pair and Microsoft Swift Pair. The tests were conducted in a controlled environment with black box experiments testing against iOS, Android/Samsung and Windows devices running different operating systems and software versions. Results show that Apple devices running iOS 26 do not crash under BLE spam but still display persistent pairing prompts when Bluetooth is enabled before or during the attack. Modern Samsung devices largely ignore or show only a single prompt, while older models remain vulnerable to persistent spam. Windows 11 devices are consistently susceptible to Swift Pair spam when notifications are enabled and Windows 10 behavior depends on the configuration and patch status. Detection experiments highlight Android smartphones with suitable scanning apps as the most practical means for detecting active BLE spam sources.
| Item Type: | Conference or Workshop Item (Paper) |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | Scientific Fields (Frascati) > Natural sciences > Computer and information sciences Scientific Fields (Frascati) > Engineering and Technology > Electrical engineering, electronic engineering,information engineering |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Law |
| Depositing User: | Pfk Eprints |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Feb 2026 09:15 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Feb 2026 09:15 |
| URI: | https://eprints.uklo.edu.mk/id/eprint/11343 |
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