Temelkovska Ristevska, Katerina and Blazevska, Tatjana and Pavlovska, Gorica and Jankuloska, Vezirka and Velkovski, Valentina and Gruevska, Nevena and Jankuloska, Vezirka (2026) IMPACT OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION ON HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN VEGETABLES, WITH PRIMARY FOCUS ON Pb AND Cd. International Congress “From Research to Application”.
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Abstract
This review paper evaluated the impact of wastewater irrigation on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables,
focusing specifically on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Rising water exploitation poses a severe risk to the
environment. Heavy metal contamination, primarily driven by industrial activities such as textile manufacturing,
mining, and metal processing, remains a major global concern. The application of wastewater for irrigation can
significantly elevate heavy metal concentrations in both soil and crops. In many regions worldwide, vegetables
that constitute a vital part of the human diet are being irrigated with untreated wastewater. Findings indicated that
leafy greens, such as spinach and lettuce, along with root vegetables, exhibited high bioconcentration and transfer
factors (TF > 1). Furthermore, Pb and Cd levels in wastewater-irrigated vegetables frequently exceed the
Maximum Levels (MLs) set by the Codex Alimentarius 2023. This study also assessed modern treatment
technologies, concluding that membrane filtration and ion exchange methods are essential for mitigating these
risks. Ultimately, it was established that rigorous monitoring and efficient purification processes are critical for
ensuring food safety and environmental protection.
Keywords: Wastewater irrigation, Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Bioaccumulation, Vegetables
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | Scientific Fields (Frascati) > Agricultural Sciences > Other agricultural sciences Scientific Fields (Frascati) > Engineering and Technology > Other engineering and technologies |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Mr Jordan Martinovski |
| Date Deposited: | 26 Aug 2026 12:57 |
| Last Modified: | 26 Aug 2026 12:57 |
| URI: | https://eprints.uklo.edu.mk/id/eprint/11723 |
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